Tuesday, December 9, 2008

Air pollution
Ever since people first gathered in settlements there has been pollution. Pollution usually refers to the presence of substances that are either present in the environment where it doesn't belong or at levels greater than it should be.Air pollution is caused by any undesirable substance, which enters the atmosphere. Air pollution is a major problem in modern society. Even though air pollution is usually a greater problem in cities, pollutants contaminate air everywhere. These substances include various gases and tiny particles, or particulates that can harm human health and damage the environment. They may be gases, liquids, or solids. Many pollutants are given off into the air as a result of human behavior. Pollution occurs on different levels: personal, national, and global.Some pollutants come from natural sources.Forest fires emit particulates, gases, and VOCs (substances that vaporize into the atmosphere)Ultra-fine dust particles created by soil erosion when water and weather loosen layers of soil, increase airborne particulate levels.Volcanoes spew out sulfur dioxide and large amounts of pulverized lava rock known as volcanic ash.The major types of air pollution are:Gaseous pollutants: A different mix of vapors and gaseous air pollutants is found in outdoor and indoor environments. The most common gaseous pollutants are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and ozone. A number of sources produce these chemical compounds but the major man-made source is the burning of fossil fuel. Indoor air pollution is caused by cigarette smoking, the use of certain construction materials, cleaning products, and home furnishings. Outdoor gaseous pollutants come from volcanoes, fires, and industry, and in some areas may be substantial. The most commonly recognized type of air pollution is smog. Smog generally refers to a condition caused by the action of sunlight on exhaust gases from motor vehicles and factories.The Greenhouse effect prevents the sun's heat from rising out of the atmosphere and flowing back into space. This warms the earth's surface causing the green house effect. While a certain amount of green house gases in the atmosphere are necessary to make the earth warm, activities such as the burning of fossil fuels are creating a gaseous layer that is too dense to allow the heat to escape. Many scientists believe this is causing global warming. Other gases contributing to the problem include cholrofluorocarbons (CFC), methane, nitrous oxides, and ozone.Acid rain forms when moisture in the air interacts with nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide released by factories, power plants, and motor vehicles that burn coal or oil. This interaction of gases with water vapor forms sulfuric acid and nitric acids. Eventually these chemicals fall to earth as precipitation, or acid rain. Acid rain pollutants may travel long distances, with winds carrying them thousands of miles before they fall as dew, drizzle, fog, snow or rain.Damage to the ozone layer is primarily caused by the use of chloroflurocarbons (CFCs). Ozone is a form of oxygen found in the earth's upper atmosphere. The thin layer of ozone molecules in the atmosphere absorb some of the sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays before it reaches the earth's surface, making life on earth possible. The depletion of ozone is causing higher levels of UV radiation on earth, endangering both plants and animals.Particulate matter is the general term used for a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. Some particles are large or dark enough to be seen as soot or smoke. Others are so small they can be detected only with an electron microscope. When particulate matter is breathed in, it can irritate and damage the lungs causing breathing problems. Fine particles are easily inhaled deeply into the lungs where they can be absorbed into the blood stream or remain embedded for long periods of time.Climatic effects: Normally pollutants rise or flow away from their sources without building up to unsafe levels. Wind patterns, clouds, rain, and temperature can affect how quickly pollutants move away from an area. Weather patterns that can trap air pollution in valleys or move it across the globe may be able to damage pristine environments far from the original sources.




Drought
A drought is a period of unusually persistant dry weather that persists long enough to cause serious problems such as crop damage and/or water supply shortages. The severity depends upon the degree of moisture deficiency, the duration, and the size of the affected area.The major effects of climate change on water systems take place through changes in the hydrological cycle, basically the balance between temperature, and rainfall. Whilst some regions may have higher rainfalls this can evaporate through sustained increases in temperature. The El Niño is strongly linked to droughts, and is a disruption of the ocean-atmosphere system in the Tropical Pacific which has important consequences for weather and climate around the globe.



Soil
Land or soil pollution can be caused by:farmingmining and quarryinghousehold wastedemolition and putting up buildingsfactory wastePollution detected in soils at daycare centers:The soil in daycares located near city centres is often polluted with lead and PAH. The source of this pollution is mainly local. Pollution may, in some cases, alsobe due to transported polluted-soil from other places.Soil and sand surrounding playground apparatus made of wood impregnated with CCA (copper, chromium and arsenic) is in most cases polluted by arsenic that has leaked from the wood.Sand from certain quarry sites may have a naturally high content of heavy metals, for example arsenic, and is therefore not suitable for use in sand boxes in daycares or playgrounds.PCB has been detected in soil around some daycares. The source in these cases has been the plaster or paint from nearby buildings.Soil pollution comprises the pollution of soils with materials, mostly chemicals, that are out of place or are present at concentrations higher than normal which may have adverse effects on humans or other organisms. It is difficult to define soil pollution exactly because different opinions exist on how to characterize a pollutant; while some consider the use of pesticides acceptable if their effect does not exceed the intended result, others do not consider any use of pesticides or even chemical fertilizers acceptable. However, soil pollution is also caused by means other than the direct addition of xenobiotic (man-made) chemicals such as agricultural runoff waters, industrial waste materials, acidic precipitates, and radioactive fallout.Soil pollution can lead to water pollution if toxic chemicals leach into groundwater, or if contaminated run off reaches streams, lakes, or oceans. Soil also naturally contributes to air pollution by releasing volatile compounds into the atmosphere. Nitrogen escapes through ammonia volatilization and denitrification. The decomposition of organic materials in soil can release sulfur dioxide and other sulfur compounds, causing acid rain. Heavy metals and other potentially toxic elements are the most serious soil pollutants in sewage. Sewage sludge contains heavy metals and, if applied repeatedly or in large amounts, the treated soil may accumulate heavy metals and consequently become unable to even support plant life.What effect does soil pollution have on humans?The major concern is that there are many sensitive land uses where people are in direct contact with soils such as residences, parks, schools and playgrounds. Other contact mechanisms include contamination of drinking water or inhalation of soil contaminants which have vaporized. There is a very large set of health consequences from exposure to soil contamination depending on pollutant type, pathway of attack and vulnerability of the exposed population. Chromium and obsolete pesticide formulations are carcinogenic to populations. Lead is especially hazardous to young children, in which group there is a high risk of developmental damage to the brain,while to all populations kidney damage is a risk.Chronic exposure to at sufficient concentrations is known to be associated with higher incidence of leukemia. Obsolete pesticides such as mercury and cyclodienes are known to induce higher incidences of kidney damage, some irreversible; cyclodienes are linked to liver toxicity. Organophosphates and carbamates can induce a chain of responses leading to neuromuscular blockage. Many chlorinated solvents induce liver changes, kidney changes and depression of the central nervous system. There is an entire spectrum of further health effects such as headache,nausea,fatigue(physical),eye irritation and skin rash for the above cited and other chemicals.Many effects may occur due to soil pollution. Human health is adversely affected by the pollution of soil. Some soil pollutants can cause carcinogenic effects and others may destroy the brain, nervous system, kidney function and so many health problems such as headache, fatigue, eye-irritation, skin diseases etc. The effects due to soil pollution are- Disruption of soil ecosystem as well as the whole earth ecosystem; May cause decreasing of soil microbes; Alteration of metabolic activities of plants;Sometimes soil pollution may cause eutrophication; May decrease the soil fertility and many other problems.The soil pollution is increasing day by day. So we must control or prevent such kind of problem for our safe environment by taking all possible steps immediately. The systems that can be adopted for the controlling of soil pollution are as follows- Proper treatment of solid and liquid industrial wastes;Proper control and management of agricultural wastes;Proper dumping and treatment system may be applied for controlling of municipal and domestic wastes;Control of over population growth;Deforestation should be stooped;Avoiding or/and restricting the use of highly toxic and persistence chemicals;"A growing number of people lack basic needs, like pure water and ample food. They become more susceptible to diseases driven by malnourishment, and air, water and soil pollutants," Pimentel concludes. He and his co-authors call for comprehensive and fair population policies and more conservation of environmental resources that support human life."Relying on increasing diseases and malnutrition to limit human numbers in the world diminishes the quality of life for all humans and is a high-risk policy," the researchers conclude.
Sports
Basketball is a team sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m) high hoop (the goal) under organized rules. Basketball is one of the most popular and widely viewed sports in the world.[citation needed]
Points are scored by shooting the ball through the basket above; the team with more points at the end of the game wins. The ball can be advanced on the court by bouncing it (dribbling) or passing it between teammates. Disruptive physical contact (foul) is not permitted and there are restrictions on how the ball can be handled (violations).
Through time, basketball has developed to involve common techniques of shooting, passing and dribbling, as well as players' positions, and offensive and defensive structures. Typically, the tallest members of a team will play center or one of two forward positions, while shorter players or those who possess the best ball handling skills and speed, play the guard positions. While competitive basketball is carefully regulated, numerous variations of basketball have developed for casual play. In some countries, basketball is also a popular spectator sport.
While competitive basketball is primarily an indoor sport, played on a basketball court, less regulated variations have become exceedingly popular as an outdoor sport among both inner city and rural groups.
Англи хэлний өдөр тутмын 200 үг
1. I see - Би ойлголоо
2. I quit! - Би болилоо
3. Let go! - Явуулаач
4. Me too - Би ч гэсэн
5. I will do my best ! - Би хамгийн сайнаараа ажиллах болно!
6. No way! - Яг ш дээ.
7. Come on - Алив.
8. Hold on - Байж байгаарай
9. I agree - Би зөвшөөрчихнө, би ч гэсэн
10. Not bad - муугүй шүү
11. Not yet - Одоохондоо арай болоогүй байна
12. See you - Баяртай
13. Shut up! - Амаа тат, дуугүй бай
14. So long - Мөд уулзая, түр баяртай
15. Why not? - Яагаад үгүй гэж
16. Allow me - Алив би хийе
17. Be quiet! - Чимээгүй!
20. Have fun! - Сайхан хөгжилдөөрэй
18. Cheer up! - Амжилт
19. Good job! - Сайхан ажил, Сайн ажиллаа.
21. How much? - Хэдий үнэтэй
22. I’m full - Би цадчихлаа
23. I’m home - Би гэртээ
24. I’m lost - Би төөрчихлөө
25. My treat - Би даая.
26. So do i - Би ч гэсэн
27. This way - Энэ зүг
28. After you - Таны дараа
29. Bless you! - Бурхан өршөөг
30. Follow me! - Намайг дагаад
31. Forget it! - Мартаж үз
32. Good luck! - Амжилт хүсье
33. I decline! - Зөвшөөрөхгүй байна
34. I promise - Амлаж байна.
35. Of course! - Тэгэлгүй яахав
36. Slow down! - Аяархан
37. Take care! - Болгоомжтой яваарай
38. They hurt - Тэд өвдчихсөн
39. Try again - Дахиад давт
40. Watch out! - Болгоомжтой
41. What’s up - Юу байнаа
42. Be careful! - Болгоомжтой
43. Bottoms up! - Босоод марш,ууж байгаа зүйлийнхээ ёроолыг харах
44. Don’t move!
45. Guess what? - Яасан гээч
46. I doubt it - Би эргэлзэж байна.
47. I think so - Миний бодлоор, би тэгэж бодож байна
48. I’m single - Би ганц бие.
49. Keep it up! - гүйцэх
50. Let me see - Надад харуулаач
51. Never mind - Болилоо
52. No problem! - Асуудалгүй.
53. That’s all! - Ингээд л болоо.
54. Time is up - Цаг дуусаа
55. What’s new? - Сонин сайхан?
56. Count me on - Надад итгэж болно
57. Don’t worry - Санаа зоволтгүй
58. Feel better? - Арай дээрдэв үү?
59. I love you - Би чамд хайртай.
60. I’m his fan - Би түүний фен нь
61. Is it yours? - Энэ чинийх үү?
62. That’s neat - Гоё юмаа
63. Are you sure? - Та итгэлтэй байна уу?
64. Do i have to - Би заавал уу?
65. He is my age - Тэр надтай чацуу
66. Here you are - Чи энд байсан юм уу?
67. No one knows - Хэн ч мэдэхгүй
68. Take it easy - Тайвшир даа
69. What a pity! - Ямайр гайхалтай юм.
70. Аny thing else? - Өөр ямар нэг зүйл байна уу?
71. To be careful! -
72. Do me a favor? - Надад туслаач
73. Help yourself - Өөртөө тусал
74. I’m on a diet - Би хоолны дэглэм барьж байгаа
75. Keep in touch - Холбоотой байгаарай
76. Time is money - Цаг бол алт
77. Who’s calling? - Хэн залгаж байна.
78. You did right - Чи зөв хийсэн байна
79. You set me up! - Чи намайг хулхидсан байна
80. Саn i help you? - Танд тусламж хэрэгтэй юу?
81. Enjoy yourself!
82. Excuse me, Sir - Өршөөгрөй ноёнтоон
83. Give me a hand! - Надад туслаач!
84. How’s it going? - Хэр явж байна даа?
85. I have no idea - Надад ямар ч мэдэх юм алга
86. I just made it! - Би дөнгөж сая ажуулчихлаа!
87. I’ll see to it! - Би харж л байя
88. I’m in a hurry! - Би яарч байна!
89. It’s her field - Энэ тэрний өөрийнх нь салбар
90. It’s up to you - Чамаас л бүх юм шалтгаална
91. Just wonderful! - Гайхамшигтай!
92. What about you? - Би яах юм болж байна?
93. You owe me one - Чи надад нэг өртэй
94. Your’re welcome - Тавтай морил
95. Any day will do - Хэзээ ч хйисэн яахав
96. Are you kidding? - Чи тоглоогүй биз?
97. Congratulations! - Баяр хүргье!
101. It sounds great! - Дажгүй сонсогдож байна.
102. It’s a fine day - Яахав дажгүй өдөр байна.
103. So far, so good - Дажгүй шүү.
104. What time is it? - Цаг хэд болж байна.
105. You can make it! - Би хийж чаднаа.
106. Control yourself! - Өөрийгөө удирд
107. He came be train - Тэр галт тэргээр ирсэн.
108. He is ill in bed - Тэр өвдөөд орондоо байгаа.
109. He lacks courage - Тэр зориггүй
110. How’s everything? - Бүх юм хэр байна даа?
111. I have no choice - Надад ямар ч сонголт алга.
112. I like ice cream - Би мөхөөлөдөст дуртэй
113. I love this game - Би энэ тоглоомонд дуртай.
114. I’ll try my best - Би байдгаараа хичээнээ 1
15. I’m on your side - Би чиний талд байгаа шүү
116. Lont time no see! - Удаан уулзалдсангүй
117. No pain, no gain -
118. Well, it depends - Ер нь харж л байж больёо доо
119. We’re all for it - Бид бүгдээрээ тэрний төлөө байгаа
120. What a good deal! - Ямар сайхан санал вэ!
121. What should i do ? - Би яах ёстой вэ?
122. You asked for it! - Чи энийг л асуугаа биздээ
123. You have my word - Чи миний үгийг сонссон
124. Believe it or not! - Итгэнэ үү байна уу өөрөө мэд
125. Don’t count on me - Надад найдаад хэрэггүй шүү
126. Don’t fall for it! - Битгий тэрэнд унаж тусаад байгаарай
127. Don’t let me down - Намайг битгий мяаруулчихаарай даа
128. Easy come easy go -
129. I beg your pardon - Юу гэнээ дахиад хэлдээ
130. I’ll be back soon - Би удахгүй ирнэ
131. I’ll check it out - Би яасанг нь харамз
132. It’s a long story - Их урт түүх байна
133. It’s sunday today - Өнөөдөр ням гараг
134. Just wait and see! - Хүлээгээд харж бай
135. Make up your mind - Алив нэг санаа боддоо
136. That’s all i need - Миний хэрэгэй бүх юм ингээд болоо
137. The view is great - Их гоё харагдаж байна
138. The wall has ears - Энэ хана чихтэй шүү.
139. There comes a bus - За автобус ирж байна
140. What day is today? - Өнөөдөр ямар өдөр билээ
141. What do you think? - Юу гэж бодож байна даа.
142. Who told you that? - Хэн чамд наадахыг чинь хэлсэн юм?
143. Who’s kicking off?
144. Yes’ i suppose so - За, би зөвшөөрөхөөс дөө.
145. You can’t miss it - Боломжийг бүү алд
146. Any messages for me? - Надад ямар нэг захидал байна уу?
147. Don’t be so modest -
148. DOn’t give me that! - Надад битгий наадахаа өг
149. He is a smart boy - Тэр их ухаантай хүү
150. He is just a child - Тэр чинь жаахан хүүхэд шүү дээ.
98. I can’t help it - Би яаж ч чадахгүй нь
99. I don’t mean it - Би тэгье гэж бодоогүй
100. I’ll fix you up - Би чамд туслана аа
51. I can’t follow you - Би чамайг дагаж чадахгүйнээ
152. I felt sort of ill - Би нэг л өвдөөд байх шиг байна
153. I have a good idea! - Надад сайхан санаа байна.
154. It is growing cool -
155. It seems all right - Яахав дажгүй л харагдаж байна.
156. It’s going too far - Энэ хэтэрхий хол явчихлаа
157. May i use your pen? - Таны үзгийг хэрэглэж болох уу?
158. She had a bad cold - Тэр ханиад хүрчихсэн
159. That’s a good idea - Наадах чинь дажгүй санаа байна.
160. The answer is zero - Хариулт нь бол 0.
161. What does she like? - Тэр юунд дуртай вэ?
162. As soon as possible! - Аль болох хурдан
163. He can hardly speak - Тэр бараг ярьж чадахгүй
164. He always talks big - Тэр дандаа хог тарьж байдаг юм
165. He won an election - Тэр сонгуульд ялсан
166. I’m a football fan - Би хөлбөмбөгийн хорхойтон
167. If only i could fly - Хэрвээ би нисч чаддагсан бол
168. I’ll be right there - Би наана чинь одоохон очлоо
169. I’ll see you at six - 6-д уулзья
170. It is true or false? - Энэ үнэн үү? Худал уу?
171. Just read it for me - Надад уншаад өгөөч
172. Knowledge is power - Мэдлэг бол хүч
173. Move out of my way! - Миний замаас холд
174. Time is running out - Цаг дуусч байна
175. We are good friends - Би сайн найзууд
176. What’s your trouble? - Чамд юу тохиолдов? Яачихаав?
177. You did fairly well! - Чи маш сайн хийсэн байна штээ
178. Clothes make the man - Хувцас бол бурхан
179. Did you miss the bus? - Автобуснаасаа хоцорчихсон юмуу?
180. Don’t lose your head - Битгий толгойгоо алдчихаарай
181. He can’t take a joke - Тэр тоглоом даадаггүйм
182. He owes my uncle $100 - Тэр миний авга ахад 100-н өртэй
183. How are things going? - Xэр байна?
184. How are you recently? - Ойрд чи хэр байна?
185. I know all about it - Би бүгдийг нь мэднэ
186. It really takes time - Энэ үнэхээр цаг авах юмаа
187. It’s against he law - Энэ хууль зөрчиж байна
188. Love me, Love my dog -
189. My mouth is watering - Арааны шүлс гоожиж байна
190. Speak louder, please - Чанга яриач, тэгэх үү?
191. This boy has no job - Тэр хүү ажилгүй
192. This house is my own - Энэ байшин минийх
193. What happened to you? - Чамд юу тохиолдов?
194. You are just in time - Чи яг цагтаа ирлээ
195. You need to workout - Чи жаахан дасгал хийх хэрэгтэй
196. Your hand feels cold - Чиний гар чинь хүйтэн байна
197. Don’t be so childish - Битгий хүүхэд шиг аашлаад бай
198. Don’t trust to chance! - Боломжинд битгий итгэ
199. Fasten your seat belt - Суудлынхаа даруулгыг хийгээрэй
200. He has a large income - Тэр их орлоготой хүн
Зэрэгцүүлэх холбоос
and: in addition ба, бол, бєгєєд, бас, олон хийгээд
but: however боловч, харин, гэтэл, гэвч, -вч
or: alternatively эсвэл, буюу
nor: and neither ...ч үгүй
yet: however
хараахан, бас, атал


and: in addition She tried and succeeded.
but: however They tried but did not succeed.
or: alternatively Did you go out or stay at home?
nor: and neither I did not see it, nor did they.
yet: however The sun is warm, yet the air is cool.

Correlative conjunctions
Хамаатуулах холбоос
both ... and аль аль нь, . . . ч тэр
either ... or Эсвэл
neither ... nor …ч биш





both ... and He is both intelligent and good-natured.
either ... or I will either go for a walk or read a book.
neither ... nor He is neither rich nor famous.
hardly ... when He had hardly begun to work, when he was interrupted.
if ... then If that is true, then what happened is not surprising.
no sooner ... than No sooner had I reached the corner, than the bus came.
not only ... but also She is not only clever, but also hard-working.
rather ... than I would rather go swimming than go to the library.
scarcely ... when Scarcely had we left home, when it started to rain.
what with ... and What with all her aunts, uncles and cousins, she has many relatives.
whether ... or Have you decided whether you will come or not?
Subordinate Conjunctions
Захируулах холбоос
As аар, тул, тєдийгүй учраас, -аас4, шиг, -хад
1. because: As he is my friend, I will help him.
2. when: We watched as the plane took off.

After хойно, ард нь, дараа ард
1. later in time: After the train left, we went home.

Although ядаж, боловч
or though хэдийгээр, тийм боловч
1. in spite of the fact that: Although it was after midnight, we did not feel tired.

Before урд ємнє, урд нь
1. earlier than: I arrived before the stores were open.

Because учраас, болохоор, тул
1. for the reason that: We had to wait, because we arrived early.

For тєлєє, -д, яагаад гэвэл, учир нь
1. for, because: He is happy, for he enjoys his work.

If хэрэв, ...тэгвэл, хэрвээ ..бол
1. on condition that: If she is here, we will see her.

Lest болуузай, -уузай, -вий
1. for fear that: I watched closely, lest he make a mistake.
Note the use of the Subjunctive Mood in the clause with lest.

Providing харгалзан үзэж
or provided ...нєхцєлд,...бал, -вэл, ...тохиолдолд, -бал, -вал
1. on condition that: All will be well, providing you are careful.

Since учир, тэр үеэс, -аас хойш
1. from a past time: I have been here since the sun rose.
2. as, because: Since you are here, you can help me.

So or so that иймд, тийм учраас, тулд, гэж
1. consequently: It was raining, so we did not go out.
2. in order that: I am saving money so I can buy a bicycle.
Note: When used with the meaning in order that, so is usually followed by that in formal English.
e.g. I am saving money so that I can buy a bicycle.

Supposing тєсєєлєх, тааварлах, бодож үзэх
1. if: Supposing that happens, what will you do?

Than аас4, харьцуулалт
1. used in comparisons: He is taller than you are.

Unless -аас биш, үгүй бол, хэрэв...гүй
1. except when, if not: Unless he helps us, we cannot succeed.

Until or till ... хүртэл, болтол, -аас
1. up to the time when: I will wait until I hear from you.

Whereas ... учир, ... тул, харин, гэтэл
1. because: Whereas this is a public building, it is open to everyone.
2. on the other hand: He is short, whereas you are tall.

Whether ... уу үгүй юу, эсэх
1. if: I do not know whether she was invited.

While хооронд, хэсэг зуур, ингэх үед
1. at the time when: While it was snowing, we played cards.
2. on the other hand: He is rich, while his friend is poor.
3. although: While I am not an expert, I will do my best.

As if юм шиг
1. in a similar way: She talks as if she knows everything.

As long as зөвхөн, -х тохиолдолд
1. if: As long as we cooperate, we can finish the work easily.
2. while: He has lived there as long as I have known him.

As soon as - магц
1. immediately when: Write to me as soon as you can.

As though
1. in a similar way: It looks as though there will be a storm.

Even if
1. in spite of a possibility: I am going out even if it rains.

In case хэрэв, -бал, -ж магадгүй тул
1. because of a possibility: Take a sweater in case it gets cold.
Connecting Adverbs
Холбох дайвар үг
accordingly: so ийм учраас, тиймд, тиймийн тулд, түүнчлэн
also: in addition бас, мөн, түүнчлэн
besides: in addition нөгөөтэйгүүр, -ээс гадна
consequently: so ийм учраас, иймээс
furthermore: in add нэн ялангуяа, үүнээс гадна
hence: for that reason үүнээс, эндээс, ийм учраас …
however: but хэдий тийм боловч, гэвч
likewise: in addition адилхан, бас, мөн, түүнчлэн
moreover: in addition түүнээс гадна, жич
nevertheless: but тийм байтал,гэтэл,гэвч,тэгэвч
otherwise: if not –гүй бол, эсвэл, эсрэг тохиолдолд
still: but нам гүм, өнөөг хүртэл, гэвч
then: next, so дараа, хойно, -ээс гадна, учраас
therefore: иймээс, ийм учраас, тэгээд
thus: so, in this way тэгэхээр, иймд, ийм маягаар, энэ мэтээр
Угтвар үг
Угтвар үг нь юмс ба үзэгдлийн хоорондох холбоог илэрхийлдэг.
Prepositions of Time: at, in, on
We use:
at - тодорхой нарийн цагт
in - сар, жил, зуун ба урт хугацаанд
on - өдөр болон товлосон өдөр, цаг хугацаанд

at
in
on
PRECISE TIME
MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
DAYS and DATES
at 3 o'clock
in May
on Sunday
at 10.30am
in summer
on Tuesdays
at noon
in the summer
on 6 March
at dinnertime
in 1990
on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime
in the 1990s
on Christmas Day
at sunrise
in the next century
on Independence Day
at sunset
in the Ice Age
on my birthday
at the moment
in the past/future
on New Year's Eve

I have a meeting at 9am.
The shop closes at midnight.
Jane went home at lunchtime.
In England, it often snows in December.
Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
Do you work on Mondays?
Her birthday is on 20 November.
Where will you be on New Year's Day?

When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.
I went to London last June. (not in last June)
He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

Prepositions of Place: at, in, on
In general, we use:
at -ийг байр, газарт
in - хашигдсан орон зайд
on - гадна талд,гадаргад

at
in
on
POINT
ENCLOSED SPACE
SURFACE
at the corner
in the garden
on the wall
at the bus stop
in London
on the ceiling
at the door
in France
on the door
at the top of the page
in a box
on the cover
at the end of the road
in my pocket
on the floor
at the entrance
in my wallet
on the carpet
at the crossroads
in a building
on the menu
at the entrance
in a car
on a page

Look at these examples:
Jane is waiting for you at the bus stop.
The shop is at the end of the street.
My plane stopped at Dubai and Hanoi and arrived in Bangkok two hours late.
When will you arrive at the office?
Do you work in an office?
I have a meeting in New York.
Do you live in Japan?
Jupiter is in the Solar System.
The author's name is on the cover of the book.
There are no prices on this menu.
You are standing on my foot.
There was a "no smoking" sign on the wall.
I live on the 7th floor at 21 Oxford Street in London.
Water pollution
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater caused by human activities, which can be harmful to organisms and plants which live in these water bodies.


Although natural phenomena such as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms, and earthquakes also cause major changes in water quality and the ecological status of water, water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants and either does not support a human use (like serving as drinking water) or undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support its constituent biotic communities.


Water pollution has many causes and characteristics. The primary sources of water pollution are generally grouped into two categories based on their point of origin. Point-Source pollution refers to contaminants that enter a waterway through a discrete “point-source”. Examples of this category include discharges from a wastewater treatment plant, outfalls from a factory, leaking underground tanks, etc. The second primary category, non-point source pollution, refers to contamination that, as its name suggests, does not originate from a single discrete source. Non-point source pollution is often a cumulative effect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. Nutrient runoff in storm water from sheet flow over an agricultural field or metals hydrocarbons from an area with high impervious surfaces and vehicular traffic are examples of non-point source pollution. The primary focus of legislation and efforts to curb water pollution for the past several decades was first aimed at point sources. As point sources have been effectively regulated, greater attention has come to be placed on non-point source contributions, especially in rapidly urbanizing suburbanizing or developing areas.


The specific contaminants leading to pollution in water include a wide spectrum or chemicals, pathogens, and physical or sensory changes. While many of the chemicals and substances that are regulated may be naturally occurring (iron, manganese, etc) the concentration is often the key in determining what is a natural component of water, and what is a contaminant. Many of the chemical substances are toxic. Pathogens can produce waterborne diseases in either human or animal hosts. Alteration of water’s physical chemistry include acidity, electrical conductivity, temperature, and eutrophication. Eutrophication is the fertilization of surface water by nutrients that were previously scarce. Water pollution is a major problem in the global context. It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14000 people daily.
Problems around the world
In today’s world there are many problems facing the welfare of humankind, which could affect our existence in the future. If these problems are not recognized, and the appropriate actions are not taken to slow down or put an end to them, then the consequences could be overwhelming. Three problems that are facing the well being of all humans are consumption of natural resources, over population and problem with pollution. The consumption of natural resources and over population can be traced to the growth of the world population. As more people live on the Earth, more resources are consumed, therefore increasing pollution. If each person does a small part to cut down on pollution or conserve natural resources, then the result would be tremendous. Each person must realize that by performing a small task, they can help the greater society.


As previously mentioned, as the number of people on Earth increases, more and more resources are needed in order for these people to survive. The demand for resources that are necessary for survival and convenience are consumed at an incredible rate. The first example that comes to my mind is the overwhelming dependence on oil and gasoline. There is an amazing reliance on gasoline and oil.
Block - тайрдас, тэнэг годиль, гуалин, дїнз мод, шоо, цул, бєєн юм, хэсэг юм, хотын хороолол, хаах, хаших, араа, єргєс, оньс, цаазын тавцан
Accuse - зэмлэх, буруушаах, яллах, илчлэх
close in - єдєр богиносох
rope - татлага, дээс, хїлэх, олс, тэвэр, баглаа, жонхуу, єтгєрєх, боох, баглах, уургалах
horrible - аймаар, сїрдмээр, муухай, зэвїїн жигшмээр
dead - їхсэн, нас нєгчсєн, мєхсєн, амьгїй, унтарсан, хатсан, гандсан, мэдээ алдсан, хэрэггїй
perhaps - магадгїй, болзошгїй
curse - хараах, зїхэх, хараал, зїхэл, хараал хийх
episode - учрал, тохиол, тусгаар хэсэг, явдал, тохиолдол
refer - шалтаглах, илгээх, явуулах, асуух, лавлах, сураглах, дурдах, хамаарах, хамаатай байх
hurt - гэмтээх, євдїїлэх, харшлах
signify - мэдэгдэх, дохио єх, чухал болох, илэрхийлэх, утгатай байх, чухал байх
fury - уур хилэн, омог
suspicion - сэжиг, хардалт, битїї їг/єнгє аяс
chop - цавчих, хагалах, огтлох, котлета, хэрчих, жиргэх, хєшиглєх
axe - сїх, цавчих, хасах, хэмнэх
thud - лїг хийх дуу, пад/пид хийх чимээ, пад/пид хийн унах
beat - ялах, дийлэх, занчих, зодох, бємбєрийн дуу, зїрхний цохилт, хэмнэл, хэвшсэн ажил їйлс, харуул, манаа, ядраах
fool - мунхаг, тэнэг мунхаг хїн, алиа салбадай, мунхаглах, мулгуу, маанаг, хуурах, мэхлэх, тэнэглэх
treat - авч явах, эмнэх, эмчлэх, хэлэлцэх, залах, идээ будаа, зоог дайллага, зугаа, цэнгэл, жаргал, хандах, їзэх, шїїмжлэх, дайлах, зочлох
spread - тархах, тїрхэх, дэлгэх, дэлгэрїїлэх, тархалт, тархац, цар хїрээ, далайц, урт, эн, зай, бїтээлэг, зассан ширээ, идээ зоог
charge - асрамжлах, асрамж, їнэ, ял зэмлэл, їїрэг хариуцлага, халамж, хяналт, цэнэг
trouble - тєвєг, бэрхшээл, зовох, зовоох, гай, тїгшїїр, євчин, зовлон, эвдрэл, саатал, сэтгэл зовох, тамлах, эвдрэх, тїгших
significance - ач холбогдол, учир утга
architect - уран барилагач, архитектор, уран барилгач
chasing - мєрдєх, нэхэх
spy - тагнуулч, нууц агент, тагнах, гэтэх, тагнуул, туршуул, мєрдєх, дурандах
suspiciously - сэжигтэн
bucket - хувин, хєнєг, утгуур, утгах
cursed - ёрын, заналт
plague - гай гамшиг, тахал, зовоох
sink - живэх, доош суух, ухах, усны гадар, живїїлэх, шигдэх, доошоо суух, хазайх, хэлтийх, буурах, татрах, їерлэх
burning - шаталт, шатаалт
My reading book
Nowadays Children are not reading a book. Because those playing a computer game. I had little, I was reading a book. I was reading a detective book mainly. But I scarce read now. Read a book become clever. My reading book is few. So I think my reading less.
My reading book lastly is “Oracular Vanga”. This book is very interesting. About say famous for The World Soothsayer Vangeliy or grandmother Vanga in this book. Vanga was born in Bulgarian. This grandmother had little, she had undergone strong whirlwind and had dropped very high but she was survival. She had damaged of eyes blood vessels. This time since, she was blind. But she was present latent leaning and this leaning was divine goings on. Vangeliy idea is soothsayer.
Vanga grandmother assists people in everyday. She had cautionary prevision their catastrophes them. One time example: One girl came thereon.
London’s Burning
The Vikings had tied a weight around the professor’s legs, and he sank quickly into the water. He didn’t feel the cold; he didn’t feel anything. The water was black, and he could feel himself being pulled down. Then the weight broke off, and the ropes around his arms and legs came free. James swam to the surface, and when he put his head above the water he saw that he was in the River Thames during the Great Fire of London, and everything was burning.

The year was 1666. A horrible plague had killed 75000 people in London, and now their city was burning. Everyone thought that they were cursed.
Once he was out of the river, James saw some people passing buckets of water from one person to the next trying to put out the fire. He decided to help them. He also told them that the city would be rebuilt in a bigger and better way.
“How do you know all this?’ one man asked suspiciously.
“Perhaps he’s a Dutch spy,” another said.
“Maybe he’s the one who started the fire,” the first man added.
England was at war with the Dutch, and many people thought that they had set London on fire. The people dropped their buckets and began chasing the professor.

He ran through the streets of London with the angry crowd chasing after him and buildings burning all around. He ran into dead-end street. There was a wall in front of him. All he could do was wait for the crowd to close in on him.

They dragged James to the palace. The professor also saw Christopher Wren, the famous architect who would rebuild most of the churches in London, and he was amazed at the historical significance of the moment. It almost made him forget the trouble he was in.

The charges against James were read out to the King, accusing him of being a spy and the possible cause of the fire. The King asked him if he had anything to say.
“Even if I told you the truth,” he said, “you wouldn’t believe me.”
The King told him he would be sent to the Tower if he did not answer the charges. James didn’t think they would believe him, but he told them it was the King’s baker who had started the fire by accident and that it had spread because of the wind and because all the buildings were made of wood. Everyone listened with interest. The King asked him how he knew this.
“I’m from the 21st century. I’ve been sent here by mistake,” he said.

Everyone began to laugh. The King was furious. He thought the professor was treating him like a fool.

When they placed his head on the block, James hoped that he would be saved again from death, but he didn’t feel sure. His heart beat wildly and his mind raced.
“I just want to get back to the 21st century,” he said. Then he heard a thud as the axe hit the block.








Monday, December 1, 2008

Сургуулийн сүлд дуу

Холбооны сургуулийн магтууны үг
Хөгжмийг М.Булган
Шүлгийг О.Балдангомбо

ХОЛБООНЫ СУРГУУЛИЙН МАГТУУ

Номын цагаан мөрнөөс урган гэрэлтсэн
Номч мэргэдийн сургаалиар цалгин бялхсан
Эрдэнийн гэрэлт шилтгээн миний сургууль
Эцгийн голомт шиг саруул өргөө

Дахилт:
Үе үеийн алдартны алтан босго
Үүд нь өлзийтэй холбооны сургууль, холбооны сургууль

Эрдэм номын далайгаас сувд хэлхсэн
Эрдэмтэн багшийнхаа хичээлд шимтсэн
Ирээдүйн замыг заасан миний сургууль
Эргэн уулзахын ерөөлтэй саруул өргөө

Дахилт:
Үе үеийн алдартны алтан босго
Үүд нь өлзийтэй холбооны сургууль, холбооны сургууль

Орох хонхны жингэнээ чихэнд хоногшсон
Оюутан насны дурсамж сэтгэлд тодорсон
Мөрөөдлийн мөнхийн дуудлага миний сургууль
Мэргэд чуулсан гэгээн саруул өргөө

Дахилт:
Үе үеийн алдартны алтан босго
Үүд нь өлзийтэй холбооны сургууль, холбооны сургууль